Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)
Why in news?
Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear fission reactors with a capacity of up to 300 MWe, designed for factory fabrication and modular deployment. They promise safer, faster, and more flexible nuclear power generation compared to traditional large-scale reactors.
Key Features of SMRs
- Capacity: Up to 300 MWe per unit, about one-third of conventional nuclear plants.
- Modular Design: Built in factories, shipped as modules, and assembled on-site.
- Applications: Electricity generation, industrial heat, desalination, and hydrogen production.
- Deployment: Suitable for remote areas, smaller grids, or industrial clusters.
- Safety: Many designs use passive safety systems (cooling without external power).
Global Developments
- United States: NuScale Power received design approval for a 77 MWe SMR.
- China: HTR-PM (high-temperature gas-cooled SMR) is operational.
- Russia: Floating SMR "Akademik Lomonosov" powers Arctic regions.
- India: Exploring SMRs for remote areas and industrial use, aligning with clean energy goals.
Advantages
- Shorter construction time (factory-built, modular assembly).
- Lower upfront capital cost compared to large nuclear plants.
- Scalability: Add modules as demand grows.
- Enhanced safety with passive cooling and simplified designs.
- Flexibility: Can integrate with renewables for grid stability.
Challenges & Risks
- Regulatory approval: Many designs are still under licensing.
- Economic viability: Costs per kWh must compete with renewables.
- Waste management: Nuclear waste handling remains necessary.
- Public perception: Concerns about nuclear safety and proliferation.
Importance for India
- India’s energy demand is rising rapidly, especially in industrial hubs like Dadri, UP.
- SMRs could provide clean, reliable baseload power while supporting renewable integration.
- They are particularly promising for industrial clusters, desalination plants, and hydrogen production, aligning with India’s net-zero 2070 target.
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