Why in news?
A recent Nipah virus outbreak in West Bengal has prompted heightened surveillance and airport screenings across Asia. At least five cases, including healthcare workers, have been confirmed, with one patient in critical condition and around 110 contacts quarantined.
About Nipah Virus
Nipah virus is a deadly zoonotic disease and there is no cure or vaccine, and containment relies on strict surveillance, isolation, and supportive care.
- Origin: First identified in Malaysia in 1998 among pig farmers.
- Natural Reservoir: Fruit bats (Pteropus species, also called flying foxes).
- Transmission:
- From bats or pigs to humans.
- Through contaminated food (e.g., fruit partially eaten by bats).
- Human-to-human via close contact.
Symptoms
- Early signs: Fever, cough, headache, sore throat, muscle pain.
- Severe progression:
- Acute respiratory distress.
- Neurological issues: confusion, seizures, encephalitis (brain inflammation).
- Onset: Usually 5–14 days after exposure.
Fatality Rate
- Estimated: 40%–75% depending on outbreak conditions.
- Reason for high lethality: Rapid progression to brain and lung involvement, limited treatment options.
Prevention & Control
- No vaccine or antiviral treatment available.
- Supportive care only (hydration, oxygen therapy, seizure management).
- Preventive measures:
- Avoid contact with bats, pigs, and sick individuals.
- Do not consume fruits potentially contaminated by bats.
- Strict infection control in hospitals (PPE, isolation).
Key Risks & Challenges
- High fatality rate makes even a single case a public health emergency.
- Potential for cross-border spread due to human travel.
- Limited medical infrastructure in outbreak zones increases risk.
- Psychological impact: Fear and stigma in affected communities.
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