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Indian Bison, also known as Gaur (Bos gaurus), is the largest wild cattle species, native to South and Southeast Asia, with significant populations in India's forests. Recent censuses highlight positive conservation trends, particularly in Odisha's Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary, where the population rose from 788 to 848 between November 2024 and January 2026.
About the Indian Bison
The Indian Bison, also known as the Gaur (Bos gaurus), is the largest species of wild cattle in the world, native to South and Southeast Asia. It is a powerful yet gentle giant, recognized for its massive size, muscular build, and striking appearance.
Key Facts
- Scientific Name: Bos gaurus
- Common Name: Gaur, Indian Bison
- Conservation Status: Vulnerable (IUCN Red List)
- Distribution: Found across India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Malaysia
- Population: Estimated maximum of 21,000 mature individuals globally, with India hosting the largest population
Physical Characteristics
- Size: Adult males stand 1.7–2.2 meters at the shoulder and can weigh up to 1,500 kg.
- Appearance: Dark brown coat, muscular hump, and distinctive white “stockings” on the legs.
- Sexual Dimorphism: Males are about 25% larger and heavier than females.
- Horns: Large, curved horns that add to their imposing presence.
Habitat & Range
- Preferred Habitat: Dense forests, grasslands, and hilly terrain.
- Strongholds in India: Frequently sighted in national parks such as Nagarhole, Bandipur, Kanha, and Periyar.
- Domesticated Relative: The Gayal or Mithun, domesticated in Northeast India, is partly derived from the wild gaur.
Conservation Challenges
- Threats: Habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflict.
- Conservation Efforts: Protected under CITES Appendix I and safeguarded in several Indian wildlife reserves.
- Importance: As the largest wild bovine, gaurs play a crucial role in maintaining forest ecosystems.
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