Codeine based cough syrup
Why in news?
Recent news on codeine-based cough syrups centers on widespread smuggling rackets and regulatory crackdowns, particularly in Uttar Pradesh.
About
- Codeine-based cough syrups combine codeine, an opioid cough suppressant, with expectorants like guaifenesin to relieve cough and loosen mucus from colds or allergies.
- Codeine works by affecting the brain's cough reflex but carries addiction risks and is no more effective than placebo in some studies.
- These syrups are prescription medications globally due to opioid content.
Regulations in India
- Classified under Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act 1985 as narcotic; requires prescription (Schedule H1) for therapeutic use only.​
- Possession without valid documents treated as NDPS violation; entire quantity assessed for commercial limits.​
- Manufacturing quotas allocated; strict monitoring to prevent diversion to misuse (e.g., intoxication).​
- 2016 ban on certain codeine cough formulations challenged but upheld for non-medical use; recent scrutiny for abuse.​
- Export needs government lab testing; rational pediatric use advised amid safety concerns.​
Health Risks and Misuse Effects
- Respiratory depression, leading to slowed or stopped breathing, especially in children under 12 or those with sleep apnea.​
- Drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and itching as common side effects.​
- Overdose symptoms include pinpoint pupils, cold/clammy skin, blue lips, confusion, and potential death.​
- High addiction potential due to opioid nature, causing physical dependence and withdrawal.​
- Euphoria-seeking abuse (e.g., "purple drank"), leading to hallucinations, paranoia, and impaired judgment.​
- Increased mortality risk from overdose, especially when mixed with alcohol or other drugs.​
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