• Developed country Parties "shall provide" financial resources, using the imperative "shall" which creates a binding commitment rather than a voluntary action.
• The obligation is collective, applying to all developed country Parties, not on an individual country basis.
• The financial support is directed to assist developing country Parties specifically.
• The assistance covers both mitigation (actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions) and adaptation (building resilience to climate change impacts).
• The obligation "is in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention," referring to the UNFCCC commitments in Articles 4.3 and 4.4, which require developed countries to provide predictable, adequate, and new and additional financial resources.
• Article 9.1 continues these existing obligations rather than creating entirely new ones, but it applies to all developed countries under the Paris Agreement, not just those listed previously in Annex II of the Convention.
• It reflects the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities," meaning the extent of financial support depends on each country's capability and national circumstances.
• The funds should prioritize both mitigation efforts and adaptation needs for vulnerable developing countries.
• The Article is a cornerstone for international climate finance discussions, influencing negotiation accountability, transparency, and targeting of funds.
• While Article 9.1 does not specify exact financial amounts, it underpins funding goals like the collective annual $100 billion commitment by developed countries to support developing nations.

• Legal Obligation: Developing countries, notably India on behalf of the BASIC and Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC) groups, are strongly asserting that Article 9.1 places a binding responsibility on developed nations to provide financial resources for both climate mitigation and adaptation efforts.
• A "Clear Definition" Needed: India and other developing nations are calling for a clear and universally agreed definition of what constitutes "climate finance" to ensure transparency and accountability.
• Adaptation Finance Gap: There is a significant gap in adaptation funding, with calls for it to increase fifteen-fold to meet the actual needs of vulnerable populations.
• COP30 Discussions: The implementation of Article 9.1 was initially proposed as a formal agenda item for COP30 but was instead moved to informal consultations led by the Brazilian Presidency due to its politically sensitive nature.
• Ongoing Disagreement: The issue highlights a continuing divide, as developing countries seek scaled-up public finance, while the progress and scope of current commitments from developed nations are widely considered insufficient.
• Architecture Preservation: The LMDC group has cautioned against altering the existing architecture of the Paris Agreement, emphasizing that its implementation must continue to be guided by the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities. 

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