Recently, concerns have been raised by doctors about melatonin supplements being taken by a large number of people with no medical supervision.

About Melatonin
Melatonin is a natural hormone produced by the brain's pineal gland primarily to regulate the sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm). It is also widely available as an over-the-counter dietary supplement, mainly used for short-term sleep issues like insomnia and jet lag. 

Natural Function
Circadian Rhythm Regulation: The pineal gland increases melatonin production in darkness, signaling the body to get ready for sleep by causing drowsiness and lowering body temperature. Exposure to light, especially blue light, decreases production, which helps the body stay awake.

• Other Roles: Beyond sleep, melatonin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that help protect cells from damage. It is also involved in immune function, mood regulation, and - in some animals - seasonal reproduction cycles.
• Natural Decline: The body's natural melatonin production tends to be highest in children and teens before puberty, and steadily declines with age, which can contribute to fragmented sleep patterns in older adults. 

Melatonin Supplements
Melatonin supplements are synthetic versions of the hormone used to add to the body's natural supply. 
Common Uses: 

• Jet lag: Helps reduce symptoms like daytime tiredness and disturbed sleep, especially after eastward travel across multiple time zones.
• Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: Helps individuals (especially young adults and children) who have trouble falling asleep at conventional bedtimes fall asleep sooner.
• Short-term insomnia: May help some people fall asleep slightly faster.
• Anxiety before surgery: Can help reduce pre-operative anxiety in adults and children. 

Important Considerations and Risks

• Regulation: In the United States, melatonin is regulated as a dietary supplement, not a drug, meaning the products are not as strictly regulated by the FDA. Studies have found the actual melatonin content in supplements can vary widely from the amount listed on the label.
• Side Effects: Common side effects are generally mild and may include headache, dizziness, nausea, and daytime drowsiness.
• Interactions: Melatonin can interact with other medications, including blood thinners (anticoagulants), blood pressure medications, diabetes medications, and immunosuppressants.
• Specific Populations: Pregnant or breastfeeding women, and individuals with depression, bleeding disorders, or seizure disorders should consult a healthcare provider before use. Long-term effects, especially in children and adolescents, are not fully understood, and some concern exists that it may affect hormonal development. 

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