Why in news?
Recently Sir Creek dispute highlights increased tensions and firm warnings from India regarding Pakistan's activities in the area. 
 
About
The Sir Creek dispute is a long-standing territorial and maritime boundary conflict between India and Pakistan along a 96 km tidal creek in the Rann of Kutch, separating Gujarat (India) and Sindh (Pakistan).

Nature of Dispute:

• The core issue concerns differing interpretations of the boundary line within Sir Creek on maritime and land maps and resolutions dating back to colonial times.
• Pakistan claims the entire creek based on the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914, which places the boundary on the eastern flank of the creek.
• India rejects this claim as indicative rather than definitive and argues the boundary follows the mid-channel or center of the creek.
• India invokes the Thalweg Principle of international law stating that borders along navigable waterways should follow the center of the principal navigable channel.
• Pakistan counters that Sir Creek is non-navigable and thus the Thalweg Principle does not apply.

Origin of the Dispute:

• The dispute originated in 1908 due to disagreements between the ruler of the Kutch State and the Sindh government over rights in the creek area, including firewood collection.
• To resolve this, the Bombay Government issued the 1914 resolution containing contradictory clauses: Paragraph 9 stated the boundary lies east of the creek (favoring Pakistan), while Paragraph 10 applied the Thalweg Principle placing it mid-channel (supporting India).
• The Bombay Presidency included both Kutch and Sindh before Sindh became a separate province in 1936.
• After the partition of India in 1947, Kutch remained part of India and Sindh became part of Pakistan, inheriting the unresolved boundary dispute.

Importance of Sir Creek
 
Strategic Importance

• Control over Sir Creek impacts the defense of Pakistan's economic hub Karachi as Pakistan has military installations there.
• India maintains a strong military presence to deter threats and prevent use of the area for terror attacks, as exemplified during the 2008 Mumbai attacks where terrorists used sea routes.

Economic Importance

• Sir Creek covers one of the largest fishing grounds in Asia, supporting thousands of fishermen from Gujarat (India) and Sindh (Pakistan).
• The ongoing boundary dispute causes frequent arrests of fishermen crossing perceived borders, impacting their livelihoods.
• The seabed in this area is believed to contain untapped oil and natural gas reserves, potentially vital for energy security, especially for India seeking to diversify oil imports.

Ecological Importance

• Sir Creek is an ecologically sensitive tidal estuary, home to migratory birds including flamingoes, and forms part of the biodiversity-rich Gulf of Kutch ecosystem.

The dispute's complexity is compounded by economic interests, ecological importance, and security concerns including risks of cross-border militant activities. Talks have been stalled since 2012, and mutual distrust has hardened, making the Sir Creek dispute a critical flashpoint in India-Pakistan relations as of October 2025.

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