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25/02/2026

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CA-25/02/2026

• Low bands: 600 MHz, 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz
• Mid bands: 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz, 2300 MHz, 2500 MHz
• High bands: 3300 MHz (for 5G), 26 GHz (millimeter wave)
• Newly identified bands: 6425–6725 MHz and 7025–7125 MHz (upper 6 GHz)

• Reserve prices have been set for each band, with coverage-linked discounts to encourage rural expansion.
• Special incentives for 600 MHz band to make it attractive for operators.
• Lower entry barriers for new players, including reduced net-worth requirements.
• A uniform 35% spectrum cap per operator to maintain competition.

• Support 4G and 5G expansion across India.
• Prepare the ecosystem for future 6G (IMT-2030) evolution.
• Enhance digital inclusion by ensuring affordable access in underserved areas.
• Encourage investment in upper 6 GHz band trials, which are crucial for next-generation mobile broadband.

• Operators: More flexibility and spectrum availability to expand services.
• Consumers: Better coverage, faster speeds, and potentially lower costs.
• India’s digital economy: Strengthened foundation for smart cities, IoT, and AI-driven services.

IMT Standard	Market Name	Key Features
IMT-2000	3G	Introduced high-speed data, multimedia services, and global connectivity.
IMT-Advanced	4G	All-IP mobile broadband, ultra-fast internet, VoIP, gaming, and multimedia streaming.
IMT-2020	5G	Enhanced mobile broadband, ultra-reliable low-latency communication, massive IoT support.
IMT-2030	6G (future)	Expected to integrate AI, holographic communications, and advanced sensing capabilities.

• Defines global standards for mobile systems.
• Ensures spectrum harmonization across countries.
• Facilitates interoperability between different technologies and operators.
• Provides a roadmap for evolution from 3G → 4G → 5G → 6G.

• Global connectivity: Enables seamless roaming and communication worldwide.
• Economic growth: Mobile broadband fuels digital economies.
• Innovation: Supports emerging technologies like IoT, AI, and smart cities.
• Inclusivity: Helps bridge the digital divide by setting universal standards.

• Started: 2018
• Participants: Indian Army & Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF)
• Frequency: Annual, held alternately in India and Japan
• Objective: Strengthen military cooperation, interoperability, and joint response to security challenges.

• Venue: Chaubattia, Uttarakhand (India)
• Indian Contingent: Ladakh Scouts regiment
• Japanese Contingent: 32nd Infantry Regiment, JGSDF
• Strength: 120 personnel from each side
• Focus:
  • Counter-terrorism operations
  • Urban warfare drills
  • Joint planning & tactical maneuvers

• Indo-Pacific Security: Reinforces India–Japan partnership in maintaining peace and stability.
• Defense Diplomacy: Enhances trust, coordination, and operational synergy.
• Regional Balance: Acts as a counterweight to rising security challenges in Asia.
• Military Modernization: Provides exposure to advanced training methods and doctrines.

• Dharma Guardian → Army
• Shinyuu Maitri → Air Force
• JIMEX → Navy

• Location: Mendoza Province, Argentina, near the Chilean border
• Range: Principal Cordillera, Andes Mountains
• Elevation: 6,962–6,967 m (22,837–22,858 ft) — the highest mountain in South America and the tallest outside Asia
• Prominence: 6,962 m, making it one of the most prominent peaks globally
• Isolation: ~16,533 km, ranking among the world’s most isolated peaks
• Name Origin: Possibly from Quechua Ackon Cahuak, meaning “Sentinel of Stone”
• First Recorded Ascent: 1897 by Matthias Zurbriggen
• Easiest Route: Northwest face, a non-technical scramble (though altitude makes it very challenging)

• It’s part of the Seven Summits challenge (the highest peak on each continent).
• Its western slopes rise from Chile’s coastal lowlands, giving it dramatic relief compared to surrounding terrain.

Mountain	Elevation (m)	Location	Notable Fact
Everest	8,849	Nepal/China	World’s tallest
Denali	6,190	Alaska, USA	Tallest in North America
Kilimanjaro	5,895	Tanzania	Tallest in Africa
Aconcagua	6,962	Argentina	Tallest outside Asia

• For India: Positions DigiLocker as a global digital governance tool, extending its influence beyond domestic use.
• For Kenya: Helps modernize public services, reduce bureaucracy, and improve efficiency in education and commerce.
• For Global Governance: Demonstrates how digital platforms can bridge administrative gaps between countries

• Digital Document Storage: Store important documents like driving licenses, vehicle registration, Aadhaar, PAN, and academic certificates.
• Automatic Issuance: Linked government agencies can directly push verified documents (e.g., CBSE results, passport records) into your account.
• Legal Validity: Digital copies in DigiLocker are legally recognized, making them equivalent to physical documents.
• Secure Access: Protected by your registered mobile number and Aadhaar authentication.
• Convenience: Access documents anytime, anywhere via the web or mobile app.

• Reduces paperwork and risk of losing physical documents.
• Speeds up verification processes for services like banking, education, and travel.
• Enhances transparency and efficiency in governance.

• Transparency & Trust: Immutable records prevent manipulation of public data.
• Decentralization: Reduces reliance on centralized authorities, lowering risks of corruption.
• Efficiency: Smart contracts automate processes like subsidies, welfare distribution, and licensing.
• Security: Cryptographic verification ensures data integrity and citizen privacy.

• Identity Systems: Aadhaar-like verification on blockchain for fraud-proof authentication.
• Voting: Secure, transparent e-voting platforms to reduce electoral malpractice.
• Census & Population Data: Decentralized census records for accuracy and accessibility.
• Welfare Distribution: Blockchain-based tracking of subsidies, pensions, and benefits.
• Land & Property Records: Immutable registries to prevent disputes and corruption.

• Scalability: Handling millions of transactions in real-time.
• Digital Divide: Ensuring rural and underserved populations can access blockchain services.
• Interoperability: Integrating blockchain with legacy governance systems.
• Legal Frameworks: Need for clear policies on data ownership, privacy, and accountability.

• Union Cabinet Approval: On 24 February 2026, the Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the proposal.
• Next Steps:
  • The President of India will refer the Bill to the Kerala Legislative Assembly for its views, as required under Article 3 of the Constitution.
  • After the Assembly’s response, the Bill will be introduced in Parliament for final approval.
• Background:
  • The Kerala Legislative Assembly had passed resolutions in August 2023 and again on 24 June 2024, urging the central government to adopt Keralam—the name used in Malayalam—to better reflect the state’s cultural and linguistic identity.
  • The move is seen as correcting a colonial-era naming convention.
• Political Context: The decision comes just ahead of the 2026 Assembly elections, adding symbolic weight to the renaming process.

• Linguistic authenticity: Keralam is the original Malayalam pronunciation.
• Cultural identity: Aligns the state’s official name with its heritage.
• Symbolic correction: Moves away from anglicized versions introduced during colonial rule.

• Thermal Stability: Maintains structural and optical integrity even under high temperature fluctuations, unlike conventional liquid crystal systems.
• Enhanced Optical Properties: Exhibits superior light manipulation capabilities, making it highly suitable for advanced photonic applications.
• Nano–Soft Hybrid Nature: Combines rigid metallic nanostructures with flexible liquid crystal matrices, offering both robustness and tunability.

Domain	Role of Au-LC Composite
Optical Technologies	Enables next-generation displays, modulators, and photonic circuits with improved efficiency.
Energy-Efficient Electronics	Reduces energy consumption in devices by leveraging enhanced electro-optical responses.
Sensors	Provides high sensitivity and stability for environmental and biomedical sensing.
Advanced Materials Science	Serves as a model system for exploring hybrid nanomaterials that balance rigidity and adaptability.

• Drug class: Capsid inhibitor (a new class of antiretrovirals)
• Brand names: Sunlenca, Yeztugo
• Administration: Oral tablets (300 mg) or subcutaneous injection (463.5 mg/1.5 mL)
• Legal status: Prescription-only in the US, EU, Australia, and Canada

• Treatment of HIV-1 infection:
  • Used in combination with other antiretrovirals.
  • Especially for adults with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 whose current regimen is failing.
• Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP):
  • Recently recommended by WHO as a twice-yearly injectable option for HIV prevention.
  • Provides a long-acting alternative to daily oral PrEP pills

• Long-acting: Only requires dosing every six months (injection).
• Effective in resistant cases: Helps patients with limited treatment options.
• Convenience: Reduces pill burden and improves adherence compared to daily regimens.

• Common side effects: injection site reactions, nausea, headache, fatigue.
• Must be combined with other antiretrovirals for HIV treatment (not used alone).
• As with all HIV therapies, monitoring for resistance and drug interactions is essential

• For treatment, it offers hope to patients with resistant HIV strains.
• For prevention, WHO’s endorsement of twice-yearly injections could reshape global HIV strategies by making adherence easier and expanding protection options.

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