CA-31/01/2026
Contents
1. Bharat Sampark
2. North East Economic Corridor (NEEC)
3. National Leprosy Day
4. Kavach 4.0
5. Geomagnetic storm
6. Punjabi Folk Orchestra and Qalandri Dhamal
7. NPS Swasthya Pension Scheme
8. Pechora Missile System
9. PAIMANA Portal
10. Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)
Why in news?
“Bharat Sampark” is a government-led outreach and monitoring initiative aimed at engaging citizens—especially youth—with national development, while also serving as a platform to evaluate priority schemes. Recently, Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia interacted with IIT Delhi students under this program, highlighting innovation, technology, and youth participation in nation-building.
Related Government Program – Viksit Bharat Sampark
- Purpose: A continuous monitoring and evaluation exercise for priority sector schemes of the Government of India.
- Nodal Departments:
- Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG)
- Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY)
- Goal: Improve implementation of flagship schemes by gathering feedback and ensuring accountability.
Key Features of Bharat Sampark
- Dialogue-Oriented: Ministers and officials hold interactive sessions with students, professionals, and communities.
- Nation-Building Themes: Technology, innovation ecosystems, logistics, and governance reforms.
- Monitoring Role: Through Viksit Bharat Sampark, the government tracks progress of schemes like Digital India, PM Gati Shakti, and social welfare programs.
Importance
- For Students: Provides direct access to policymakers, fostering opportunities for internships, research collaboration, and innovation challenges.
- For Citizens: Ensures transparency in scheme implementation and allows feedback loops.
- For Governance: Strengthens accountability and bridges the gap between policy design and ground realities.
Risks & Challenges
- Risk of Tokenism: Outreach sessions must lead to actionable follow-ups, not just symbolic events.
- Implementation Gap: Monitoring exercises need strong data collection and independent evaluation to avoid bias.
- Youth Engagement: Sustained opportunities (internships, projects) are essential to keep students motivated beyond one-time events.
North East Economic Corridor (NEEC)
Why in news?
The Centre approved 48 connectivity and infrastructure projects worth Rs 6,044.36 crore under the PM-DevINE (Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North East) scheme. These aim to enhance livelihoods, bridge gaps, and align with NEEC goals for trade and investment.
About North East Economic Corridor (NEEC)
The North East Economic Corridor (NEEC) is a newly established initiative under India’s Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER) aimed at transforming the North Eastern Region (NER) into a hub of trade, connectivity, and inclusive growth. It is led by the Chief Minister of Mizoram and supported by other NE states, focusing on infrastructure, investment, and integration with Southeast Asia.
Key Highlights of the North East Economic Corridor (NEEC)
Origins and Governance
- Launched: Following the 72nd plenary meeting of the North Eastern Council (NEC) in December 2024.
- Leadership: High-Level Task Force (HLTF) chaired by the Chief Minister of Mizoram, with members including the Union Minister for DoNER and Chief Ministers of Assam, Meghalaya, and Manipur.
- Mandate: Assess existing infrastructure, identify gaps, and create strategies to attract investment.
Objectives
- Boost Connectivity: Reduce dependence on the vulnerable Siliguri Corridor (Chicken’s Neck) by developing alternate routes and logistics hubs.
- Trade Expansion: Position NER as India’s gateway to Southeast Asia under the Act East Policy.
- Inclusive Growth: Integrate remote tribal and border communities into mainstream development.
- Investment Promotion: Attract industries in agriculture, tourism, textiles, and IT-enabled services.
Infrastructure Push
- Projects: 48 projects worth ₹6,044.3 crore sanctioned under PM-DevINE (Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North East).
- Focus Areas: Roads, railways, airports, power supply, and digital connectivity.
- Cross-Border Links: Strengthening ties with Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Myanmar for trade corridors.
Strategic Importance
- Security: Reduces bottlenecks and vulnerabilities in the Siliguri Corridor.
- Economy: Enhances regional trade, tourism, and industrial growth.
- Geopolitics: Strengthens India’s role in the Indo-Pacific by linking NER with ASEAN markets.
Challenges & Risks
- Geopolitical Instability: Turmoil in Bangladesh may delay transnational corridor projects.
- Terrain & Climate: Difficult geography and frequent floods hinder infrastructure development.
- Coordination Issues: Requires strong cooperation among NE states and central agencies.
Why in news?
National Leprosy Day in India is observed every year on 30 January, coinciding with Mahatma Gandhi’s death anniversary. It is marked as Anti-Leprosy Day to spread awareness, fight stigma, and promote early detection and free treatment under the National Leprosy Eradication Programme. Globally, World Leprosy Day is observed on the last Sunday of January (in 2026, it was on 25 January).
Key Facts about National Leprosy Day
- Date: 30 January every year.
- Purpose: To raise awareness about leprosy, eliminate stigma, and encourage treatment.
- Connection: Observed on Mahatma Gandhi’s death anniversary, as he worked extensively for the dignity of leprosy patients.
- Treatment: Leprosy is curable with Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT), provided free of cost by the government.
World Leprosy Day
- Date: Last Sunday of January (25 January in 2026).
- Theme (2026): “Leprosy is curable, the real challenge is stigma.”
- Focus: Ending discrimination, celebrating resilience of those affected, and promoting collaborative action.
Why It Matters?
- India accounts for ~53% of global leprosy cases, making awareness crucial.
- Despite being curable, social stigma often prevents patients from seeking timely treatment.
- Campaigns like “End Discrimination, Treat with Dignity” are run nationwide to educate communities.
Why in news?
Kavach 4.0 is the latest version of Indian Railways’ indigenous Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system, designed to prevent train collisions and control overspeeding. As of January 2026, it has been commissioned across more than 1,300 route kilometres in high-density corridors, marking a major leap in passenger safety.
About Kavach 4.0
- Indigenous ATP system developed by Indian Railways.
- Uses microprocessors, GPS, and radio communication to monitor train movement.
- Automatically applies brakes to prevent collisions and overspeeding.
- Ensures safe and reliable train operations even in adverse conditions.
Key Features of Kavach 4.0
- Collision Avoidance: Prevents head-on and rear-end collisions.
- Speed Regulation: Automatically enforces speed limits.
- Signal Protection: Ensures trains stop at red signals.
- Fail-safe Design: Works even if drivers miss signals or lose visibility in fog.
- Scalability: Designed for deployment across India’s busiest routes.
Importance
- Passenger Safety: Reduces risk of accidents on congested routes.
- Operational Efficiency: Improves punctuality and reliability.
- Indigenous Technology: Reduces dependence on foreign ATP systems.
- Future Expansion: Indian Railways plans to extend Kavach across thousands of kilometres, prioritizing high-density corridors like Delhi–Mumbai and Delhi–Howrah.
Why in news?
A geomagnetic storm is a major disturbance in Earth’s magnetic field caused by solar activity, such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs) or solar flares. Right now, Earth is experiencing one of the strongest geomagnetic storms in over 20 years (January 2026), triggered by a massive CME traveling at record speed, producing vivid auroras as far south as Ladakh, India.
Highlights of the news
- Event: A G4 severe geomagnetic storm (second-highest on NOAA’s scale).
- Trigger: An X-class solar flare and CME traveling at ~1,660–1,700 km/s, reaching Earth in just 25 hours (much faster than the usual 3–4 days).
- Impact:
- Auroras: Visible unusually far south, including Hanle, Ladakh (India), where a rare red aurora was observed.
- Space Weather Risks: Disruptions to satellites, GPS, radio communications, and power grids.
- Historic: Strongest solar radiation storm (S4 level) since 2003.
About Geomagnetic Storm
- A temporary disturbance of Earth’s magnetosphere due to solar wind and plasma from the Sun.
- Causes:
- Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs): Huge bursts of charged particles and magnetic fields.
- Solar Flares: Explosive releases of energy from the Sun’s surface.
- High-Speed Solar Wind Streams: Often from coronal holes.
- Cycle: Frequency increases during solar maxima (peak of the 11-year sunspot cycle).
NOAA Geomagnetic Storm Scale
| Level (G) |
Severity |
Effects |
| G1 (Minor) |
Small fluctuations |
Weak auroras, minor radio issues |
| G2 (Moderate) |
Moderate impact |
Auroras at mid-latitudes, some power grid alerts |
| G3 (Strong) |
Noticeable impact |
Voltage irregularities, GPS issues |
| G4 (Severe) |
Major disturbances |
Widespread auroras, satellite navigation problems |
| G5 (Extreme) |
Rare, catastrophic |
Grid collapse risk, severe satellite damage |
Punjabi Folk Orchestra and Qalandri Dhamal
Why in news?
The Punjabi Folk Orchestra and Qalandri Dhamal are two vibrant cultural showcases of Punjab—one highlighting traditional instruments in a structured ensemble, and the other expressing spiritual energy through Sufi dance. Both were recently performed together at Bharat Parv 2026 at the Red Fort, New Delhi, celebrating Punjab’s musical and spiritual heritage.
Punjabi Folk Orchestra
- Concept: A unique ensemble that arranges traditional Punjabi folk melodies into an orchestral format.
- Instruments Used:
- Percussion: Dhol, Dholki, Nagara, Chimta, Sap
- Melodic: Flute, Vanjli, Tansari
- Rhythmic/Accents: Taal-Koze, Kara
- Performance Style:
- Twelve musicians, each with a specific role.
- Focus on teamwork, coordination, and harmony.
- Preserves authentic folk essence while presenting it in a collective, structured form.
- Significance:
- Bridges folk traditions with modern orchestral presentation.
- Showcases Punjab’s rich musical diversity in a way accessible to larger audiences.
Qalandri Dhamal
- Origin: A traditional Sufi folk dance rooted in Sindh and Punjab.
- Spiritual Connection:
- Associated with Qalandar shrines (especially Lal Shahbaz Qalandar in Sehwan, Sindh).
- Performed to devotional songs like “Dama Dam Mast Qalandar”.
- Dance Style:
- Energetic, trance-like movements symbolizing ecstasy and spiritual devotion.
- Often accompanied by rhythmic drumming and chanting.
- Cultural Role:
- Adds a spiritual dimension to cultural festivals.
- Represents the fusion of music, faith, and communal celebration.
NPS Swasthya Pension Scheme
Why in news?
The NPS Swasthya Pension Scheme is a new pilot initiative by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) that integrates health benefits into the National Pension System (NPS). It allows voluntary contributions to build a medical corpus, with partial withdrawals permitted for outpatient and inpatient medical expenses.
Key Features of NPS Swasthya Pension Scheme (NSPS)
- Launched: January 2026, as a Proof of Concept (PoC) under the Regulatory Sandbox Framework.
- Objective: To link retirement savings with healthcare needs, providing financial support for medical expenses.
- Eligibility: Open to all Indian citizens on a voluntary basis.
- Nature: Contributory scheme under the Multiple Scheme Framework (MSF).
Contributions & Investment
- Minimum contribution: ₹1,000 (same as non-government NPS rules).
- Maximum contribution: No upper limit.
- Investment: Pension Funds (PFs) will invest contributions across multiple asset classes, following NPS guidelines.
- Transfer option: Citizens above 40 years can transfer up to 30% from their common NPS account into the Swasthya account.
Medical Expense Coverage
- Partial withdrawals: Up to 25% of subscriber’s own contributions allowed for medical expenses.
- Corpus requirement: Withdrawals permitted after building a minimum ₹50,000 corpus.
- Critical treatment: Early exit allowed if medical costs exceed 70% of scheme funds.
- Coverage: Both outpatient (OPD) and inpatient (hospitalization) expenses.
Importance
- Bridges pension & healthcare: Helps subscribers build a dedicated medical corpus alongside retirement savings.
- Does not replace health insurance: Acts as a supplementary financial cushion for medical costs.
- Policy innovation: First attempt in India to integrate health-linked benefits into a pension framework.
Limitations & Risks
- Pilot stage: Currently experimental, not yet available for mass adoption.
- Withdrawal limits: Strict caps on withdrawals may restrict flexibility.
- Not a substitute for insurance: Subscribers should maintain regular health insurance for comprehensive coverage.
Why in news?
The Pechora Missile System (S-125 Neva/Pechora) is a Soviet-origin, medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) designed to intercept low- to medium-altitude aerial threats. India continues to operate upgraded versions of this system, with recent modernization efforts making it fully digitized to strengthen air defense against drones, fighters, and cruise missiles.
Upgrades by Alpha Design Technologies Ltd (ADTL):
- Full digitization of radar and fire-control systems
- Integration into Mission Sudarshan Chakra, India’s layered air defense shield
- Enhanced capability against small drones, high-speed fighters, and cruise missiles
About Pechora Missile System
- Official Name: S-125 Neva/Pechora
- NATO Reporting Name: SA-3 Goa
- Origin: Soviet Union (designed in the 1950s, entered service in 1961)
- Type: Medium-range surface-to-air missile system
- Primary Role: Intercepting aircraft, drones, and cruise missiles at low to medium altitudes
Technical Features
- Range: Approximately 35 km (varies by variant)
- Altitude Coverage: Effective up to 18 km
- Guidance System: Command guidance with radar tracking
- Missile Specs:
- Two-stage solid-fuel missile
- Warhead: High-explosive fragmentation
- Radar: Includes acquisition and tracking radars for target detection and engagement
India’s Use and Modernization
- India acquired Pechora systems during the Cold War era.
- Upgrades by Alpha Design Technologies Ltd (ADTL):
- Full digitization of radar and fire-control systems
- Integration into Mission Sudarshan Chakra, India’s layered air defense shield
- Enhanced capability against small drones, high-speed fighters, and cruise missiles
Variants
- Neva / Pechora (original versions)
- Pechora 2 & 2M: Modernized versions with improved electronics and mobility
- Newa SC: Polish upgrade with digital systems
- Pechora-M: Latest Russian modernization with enhanced radar and missile performance
Limitations & Challenges
- Older design: Originally built in the 1950s, requiring modernization to remain effective.
- Mobility: Less mobile compared to modern SAM systems like the S-300 or NASAMS.
- Countermeasures: Vulnerable to advanced electronic warfare and stealth aircraft.
About PAIMANA Portal
The PAIMANA Portal is a flagship initiative of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), designed to monitor and analyze Central Sector Infrastructure Projects worth ₹150 crore and above. It replaces the older OCMS system and provides a unified, data-driven framework for project appraisal, monitoring, and performance tracking.
Key Highlights of the PAIMANA Portal
- Full Form: Project Assessment, Infrastructure Monitoring & Analytics for Nation-building (PAIMANA)
- Launched by: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)
- Scope: Covers Central Sector Infrastructure Projects with a cost of ₹150 crore and above.
- Objective: To streamline monitoring, reduce time and cost overruns, and enhance transparency in project execution.
Features
- Unified Monitoring System: Integrates multiple platforms (IIG, PMG, OCMS) into a single entry point.
- Data Accuracy: Built on the principle of “one data, one entry” to avoid duplication.
- Milestone-Based Tracking: Focuses on monitoring during pre-construction and execution phases.
- Analytical Dashboards: Generates web-based reports for policymakers, ministries, and agencies.
- Integration: Linked with the Integrated Project Monitoring Portal (DPIIT) via APIs for seamless data flow.
- Replacement of OCMS-2006: Modernizes the earlier monitoring system with advanced analytics.
Benefits
- Transparency: Provides real-time visibility into project progress.
- Efficiency: Helps identify bottlenecks early to reduce delays.
- Accountability: Standardizes metrics for cost and time overruns.
- Policy Support: Supplies data-driven insights for NITI Aayog, PMO, Cabinet Secretariat, and line ministries.
Challenges & Considerations
- Data Entry Compliance: Success depends on ministries/agencies updating data consistently.
- Training Needs: Officials must adapt to the new system’s analytics-driven approach.
- Implementation Phase: Pre-construction milestone monitoring is still being phased in.
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)
Why in news?
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), also known as monkey fever, is a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever endemic to forested regions of Karnataka's Western Ghats. Recently an early death in the 2026 season, signaling potential outbreaks amid ongoing vaccine developments.
Key Facts About Kyasanur Forest Disease
- Cause: KFD virus (family Flaviviridae), transmitted by hard ticks (Haemaphysalis spinigera).
- Reservoirs: Monkeys and rodents act as amplifying hosts; humans are infected via tick bites, not directly from monkeys.
- Geographic Spread: Endemic in forested regions of Karnataka, Kerala, Goa, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
- Seasonality: Most cases occur between December and May, coinciding with peak tick activity.
Symptoms
- Incubation period: 3–8 days after tick bite.
- Early signs: Sudden fever, chills, severe headache, muscle pain, vomiting, and gastrointestinal upset.
- Complications:
- Hemorrhagic symptoms (bleeding gums, nosebleeds, gastrointestinal bleeding) appear 3–4 days after onset.
- Low blood pressure, reduced platelet count, anemia, and leukopenia.
- Recovery: Some patients recover in 1–2 weeks, but severe cases can be fatal.
Prevention & Control
- Vaccination: A formalin-inactivated tissue culture vaccine is available in endemic districts; booster doses are required annually.
- Personal Protection:
- Wear long clothing when visiting forests.
- Use tick repellents and check for ticks after exposure.
- Community Measures:
- Avoid handling sick or dead monkeys.
- Health departments conduct tick control and awareness campaigns in affected areas.
Question & Answer
Question 1. The NPS Swasthya Pension Scheme (NSPS) is designed to address which gap in India's social security architecture, operating currently under a Regulatory Sandbox framework?
Select your answer:
A) Providing universal health insurance coverage for all citizens above 60 years of age.
B) Integrating a dedicated, voluntary medical savings corpus with the existing retirement savings under the National Pension System (NPS).
C) Guaranteeing a fixed monthly pension payout for subscribers who choose low-risk equity investments.
D) Allowing subscribers to exit NPS entirely without penalty to pursue private health insurance.
Explanation: (B)
NSPS is a pilot scheme by PFRDA to link health benefits with NPS by allowing voluntary contributions to build a medical corpus, which can be partially withdrawn for OPD/inpatient expenses, thus bridging the gap between retirement savings and medical needs.
Question 2. Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a viral hemorrhagic fever endemic to India’s forested regions. Which of the following accurately describes its transmission vector and primary reservoir hosts?
Select your answer:
A) Vector: Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti); Reservoir: Humans
B) Vector: Ticks (Haemaphysalis spinigera); Reservoir: Monkeys and rodents
C) Vector: Contaminated water bodies; Reservoir: Cattle
D) Vector: Airborne droplets; Reservoir: Bats
Explanation: (B)
KFD is a tick-borne viral fever. The virus is transmitted to humans via the bite of hard ticks, specifically Haemaphysalis spinigera, while monkeys and rodents act as amplifying hosts in the ecosystem.
Question 3. The 'Qalandri Dhamal' performance tradition, recently showcased alongside the Punjabi Folk Orchestra, is distinctively associated with which spiritual tradition and region?
Select your answer:
A) Bhakti Movement traditions of Maharashtra.
B) The energetic dance form rooted in Sufi shrines of Sindh and Punjab, often associated with the reverence for Qalandar saints.
C) Classical Kathak Gharanas patronized by Mughal nobility.
D) The devotional songs ('Kirtans') of Vaishnavism in Eastern India.
Explanation: (B)
Qalandri Dhamal is a traditional Sufi folk dance rooted in Sindh and Punjab, performed to express spiritual ecstasy, often associated with the shrines of Qalandar figures like Lal Shahbaz Qalandar.
Question 4. The PAIMANA Portal, launched by MoSPI, is intended to streamline the monitoring of Central Sector Infrastructure Projects. Which of the following best describes its key improvement over previous systems like OCMS?
Select your answer:
A) It exclusively monitors projects below the ₹150 crore threshold to ensure local allocation efficiency.
B) It implements a 'one data, one entry' principle and integrates multiple monitoring platforms into a unified, data-driven framework.
C) It shifts monitoring focus entirely to post-completion performance metrics rather than pre-construction milestones.
D) It is a regulatory body empowered to halt projects facing minor time overruns without consulting the concerned Ministry.
Explanation: (B)
PAIMANA (Project Assessment, Infrastructure Monitoring & Analytics for Nation-building) aims for efficiency by unifying systems and adhering to the 'one data, one entry' principle to avoid duplication, covering projects worth ₹150 crore and above.
Question 5. A significant geomagnetic storm caused auroras to be observed unusually far south, reaching areas like Ladakh in India. What is the primary immediate trigger for such severe geomagnetic disturbances?
Select your answer:
A) Rapid fluctuations in the Earth's rotation speed affecting the ionosphere.
B) A massive release of charged particles and magnetic fields from the Sun, known as a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME).
C) Increased seismic activity leading to ground-level ionization of the atmosphere.
D) The cyclical decrease in solar output during the solar minimum phase.
Explanation: (B)
Geomagnetic storms are major disturbances in Earth’s magnetosphere caused primarily by Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)—huge bursts of plasma and magnetic fields ejected from the Sun—which interact strongly with the Earth's magnetic field.
Question 6. The modernization of the Soviet-origin Pechora Missile System, undertaken by Indian firms, directly contributes to strengthening which overarching national defence framework?
Select your answer:
A) Operation Blue Star
B) Mission Shakti
C) Mission Sudarshan Chakra
D) The Agni Defence Initiative
Explanation: (C)
The modernized and digitized Pechora Missile Systems are being integrated into 'Mission Sudarshan Chakra,' which constitutes India’s layered air defense shield, enhancing its capability against modern threats like drones and cruise missiles.
Question 7. Consider the following statements regarding 'Bharat Sampark' and the associated 'Viksit Bharat Sampark' framework:
Select your answer:
A) It is primarily a social media campaign designed to disseminate information about government achievements to the youth.
B) Its core function involves continuous monitoring and evaluation of priority sector schemes, with DARPG and MeitY serving as nodal departments.
C) The initiative focuses exclusively on gathering feedback for schemes related to logistics and infrastructure, excluding social welfare programs.
D) It serves as a platform for direct funding allocation to local bodies based on citizen engagement scores.
Explanation: (B)
Bharat Sampark is an outreach initiative, but its monitoring counterpart, Viksit Bharat Sampark, serves as a continuous monitoring and evaluation exercise for priority schemes. DARPG and MeitY are explicitly mentioned as nodal departments for this governance monitoring exercise.
Question 8. Observance of National Leprosy Day on January 30th highlights a significant public health challenge for India. What treatment modality is universally provided free of cost by the Government of India under its eradication programme?
Select your answer:
A) Targeted Monotherapy (Single-Drug Therapy)
B) Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT)
C) Specific Biological Response Modifiers
D) Advanced Interferon Therapy
Explanation: (B)
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) is curable, and the Government of India provides Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) free of cost across the country under the National Leprosy Eradication Programme.
Question 9. The establishment of the North East Economic Corridor (NEEC) initiative is strategically aimed at addressing which significant geographical and logistical vulnerability for India?
Select your answer:
A) Reducing dependence on the congested Mumbai-Ahmedabad industrial corridor.
B) Developing alternate logistics routes to mitigate risks associated with the vulnerable Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck).
C) Creating a primary trade route linking Western India directly to the Indian Ocean via Gujarat.
D) Enhancing connectivity within the Himalayan border regions exclusively, without international focus.
Explanation: (B)
A key objective of the NEEC, supported by projects under PM-DevINE, is to boost connectivity and reduce India's strategic reliance on the narrow Siliguri Corridor by developing alternative trade and logistics routes through the North Eastern Region (NER).
Question 10. Kavach 4.0, the indigenous Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system deployed on Indian Railways, primarily functions to enhance safety through which core mechanism?
Select your answer:
A) Automating the switching of railway junctions based on predictive maintenance needs.
B) Automatically applying brakes to prevent rear-end/head-on collisions and enforce speed restrictions when driver intervention fails.
C) Managing real-time tracking of freight wagons using satellite imagery for inventory management.
D) Providing localized weather information via on-board display systems to drivers in dense fog.
Explanation: (B)
Kavach 4.0 is an ATP system that uses GPS and radio communication to monitor train movement. Its primary safety function is the automatic application of brakes to prevent collisions (head-on/rear-end) and to regulate speed if the driver fails to adhere to signals or speed limits.
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