Daily Current Affairs 2025  

04/12/2025

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CA-04/12/2025

1. Acid attacks in India 
2. Indian Rupee has touched a new all-time low
3. Indian Navy Day 2025 
4. India-Russia bilateral relations
5. The Telecommunication (Telecom Cyber security) amendment act Rule 2025
6. Accessible India Compaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan)
7. WHO global guidelines on GLP-1 Medicines
8. Solar flare
9. INS Aridaman
10. Indian Statistical Institute Bill, 2025
11. Calling Name Presentation (CNAP)
12. Dudhwa Tiger Reserve
13. Green Tug Transition Programme (GTTP)

• The leading case is Laxmi v. Union of India & Others, where a PIL by survivor Laxmi prompted the Court to address rising acid attacks and lack of specific law.?
• Following the Court’s intervention, Parliament inserted Sections 326A and 326B IPC to define “acid attack” and “attempt to throw acid” with minimum 10 years’ imprisonment (extendable to life) for causing hurt by acid and 5–7 years for attempt, plus fine.?

• The Court directed all States/UTs to frame or strengthen rules under the Poisons Act, 1919 to strictly regulate retail sale of acid and other corrosives.?
• Over?the?counter sale of acid was effectively banned: only licensed sellers can sell, they must keep a detailed register of buyers, buyers must give identity proof and purpose, and unaccounted stock can invite penalty (often cited as fine up to ?50,000).?

• The Supreme Court mandated that every acid attack victim must receive a minimum compensation of ?3 lakh from the concerned State: ?1 lakh within 15 days of the incident coming to the notice of authorities, and the remaining ?2 lakh within two months.?
• Later judgments, such as Parivartan Kendra v. Union of India, reiterated that these directions are a baseline and stressed adequate rehabilitation including medical care, legal aid, and social support.?

• The Court directed that no hospital, including private hospitals, can refuse treatment to acid attack victims, and that full medical assistance (first?aid, emergency care, subsequent specialized treatment) must be provided.?
• It emphasized free treatment for survivors in government and certain private facilities, including medicines, food, and reconstructive surgeries, with States responsible for ensuring compliance through schemes such as NALSA’s “Legal Services to Victims of Acid Attacks” and related advisories.?

• Foreign Institutional Investor (FII) Outflows: Persistent outflows from foreign investors, particularly from equities, are putting downward pressure on the rupee.
• US-India Trade Deal Uncertainty: Delays and uncertainties surrounding the US-India trade deal are creating policy uncertainty and impacting currency markets.
• Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) Stance: The RBI has indicated a stance of distancing itself from an "interventionist regime," suggesting a willingness to allow for more volatility and intervening only to curb sharp fluctuations.
• Dollar Demand: Sustained dollar buying from importers, especially for essential goods like crude oil, increases the demand for USD, thereby weakening the INR.

• Strength of the US Dollar: The US Dollar is often considered a safe-haven currency during times of global economic uncertainty, leading to increased demand.
• US Federal Reserve's Monetary Policy: Increases in interest rates by the US Federal Reserve make dollar-denominated assets more attractive to investors, leading to capital outflows from other economies.
• Crude Oil Prices: India's high reliance on oil imports makes it vulnerable to rising global oil prices, which increases the demand for dollars to pay for these imports and widens the trade deficit.
• Inflation Differentials: Higher inflation in India compared to the US erodes the rupee's purchasing power, making it less competitive and contributing to its depreciation.
• Trade and Current Account Deficits: India's tendency to import more than it exports leads to a trade deficit, requiring more foreign currency (primarily USD) and putting pressure on the rupee.
• Geopolitical Tensions: Global events such as conflicts or economic sanctions can create uncertainty in financial markets and impact currency values.

• Asia's Worst-Performing Currency: The rupee has emerged as Asia's worst-performing currency so far this year, with a 5.3% year-to-date drop.
• Undervaluation: Recent data indicates that the rupee is undervalued for the third consecutive month, reflecting a softer currency and lower inflation.
• Expert Opinions: Despite the fall, some currency experts believe that a depreciating rupee does not necessarily indicate a fundamental weakness in the Indian economy. They attribute the decline to global pressures and policy uncertainties.
• Future Outlook: Forecasters suggest that until the trade deal with the US is settled, the rupee may weaken further, potentially reaching 91.00 against the dollar soon.

• Indian Navy Day is celebrated annually on 4th December to recognize the achievements and role of the Indian Navy in safeguarding India's maritime borders.?
• The date marks the successful launch of Operation Trident on 4th December 1971, during the Indo-Pakistani War, where the Indian Navy conducted a decisive attack on Karachi harbour, sinking four Pakistani vessels including PNS Khaibar.?
• Operation Trident was significant as it was the first use of anti-ship missiles in combat by the Indian Navy, resulting in heavy damage to Pakistan’s naval assets and oil installations.?
• Navy Day also honors the sailors and officers who showed courage and dedication, remembering those who lost their lives in the 1971 war.?
• The Indian Navy is led by the President of India as the Supreme Commander and is one of the largest naval forces in the world.?
• Navy Day events typically include operational demonstrations of ships, submarines, aircraft, and special forces to show the navy’s readiness and capabilities.?
• The 2025 theme emphasizes a "Combat Ready, Cohesive, Credible, and Aatmanirbhar (self-reliant) Force," highlighting indigenous platforms and maritime security.?

• Politics and Diplomacy: Both nations collaborate within international forums such as the UN, BRICS, G20, and SCO. Russia has expressed support for India's permanent seat on the UN Security Council.
• Defence: Russia has historically been India's largest defense supplier, with Russian-made equipment comprising a significant portion of India's military hardware. Joint programs include the BrahMos cruise missile and the development of fighter jets. However, India has been diversifying its defense imports in recent years due to geopolitical shifts and a focus on domestic production.
• Economy and Trade: Bilateral trade has seen substantial growth, reaching a record high of USD 68.7 billion in FY 2024-25. The target is to increase this to USD 100 billion by 2030. This surge has been largely driven by India's increased imports of Russian crude oil, often at discounted prices. Both countries are exploring ways to enhance market access for their goods and are working towards a Programme of Economic Cooperation 2030.
• Civil Nuclear Energy: Russia is involved in India's largest nuclear power project, with discussions ongoing for collaboration on small modular reactors.
• Science and Technology: Cooperation extends to areas like space exploration and information and communication technology (ICT).
• Cultural Exchange: There are ongoing efforts to facilitate cultural exchange between the two nations.

• Russia-Ukraine Conflict: The ongoing conflict has presented challenges to India-Russia ties, impacting political and diplomatic relations and intensifying economic cooperation difficulties. India has maintained a nuanced approach, balancing relations with both Moscow and the West.
• Geopolitical Pressures: India faces growing pressure from Western countries, particularly the US, to reduce its ties with Russia. This has led to discussions about potential trade agreements with the EU and US creating "awkward optics" if they coincide with high-level meetings with Russia.
• Defence Diversification: While defense cooperation remains strong, India's reliance on Russia has decreased as it diversifies its defense sources and develops its domestic defense industry. Delays in Russian defense equipment delivery due to the Ukraine war have also been a factor.
• Russia-China Proximity: Russia's increasing ties with China, especially amidst Western sanctions, raise concerns for India due to its own strategic rivalry with China.
• Logistic Support: Russia's State Duma ratified the Reciprocal Exchange of Logistic Support (RELOS) pact on December 1, 2025, enabling mutual access to military facilities for joint exercises, training, and humanitarian operations. 

• TIUE (Telecommunication Identifier User Entity): Any non-licensee or non-authorized entity using telecom identifiers (e.g., MSISDN, IMEI) for customer identification or service delivery, including banks, fintechs, e-commerce, and OTT platforms.?
• MNV Platform: A government-established Mobile Number Validation platform for verifying if specified telecom identifiers match databases of authorized entities or licensees.?

• Introduces Rule 7A for MNV platform setup, enabling TIUEs (on government approval or direction) and agencies to validate identifiers via a fee-based portal, ensuring data protection compliance.?
• Enhances Rule 5 for immediate government actions without notice: temporary suspension of identifiers by telecom entities and TIUEs, with potential permanent disconnection or reuse enablement.?
• Mandates IMEI controls under Rule 8: bans reusing in-network IMEIs on new devices; requires a database of tampered/restricted IMEIs; pre-sale checks for used devices; compliance by manufacturers/importers.?

• These amendments promote traceability and fraud prevention but raise concerns over broad TIUE scope, overlapping data laws, and lack of consumer notice for suspensions.
• DoT confirmed enforceability for licensees, with voluntary TIUE opt-in suggested amid clarifications.
• They align with the Telecommunications Act, 2023, for resilient digital infrastructure.?

• Accessible India Campaign is a nationwide initiative launched by India's Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD) on December 3, 2015.
• The aim was to achieve universal accessibility for persons with disabilities (PwDs) across built environments, transportation, and information-communication ecosystems.
• Aligned with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the RPwD Act, it promotes equal opportunities and independent living for about 2.68 crore PwDs as per the 2011 Census.
• The campaign embodies "Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas" by removing barriers in public spaces.?

• Enhance accessibility in built environments by auditing and retrofitting government buildings, schools, hospitals, and workplaces to eliminate physical barriers.?
• Improve transportation systems, targeting 100% accessibility for A1, A, and B category railway stations by 2016 (extended later), 50% of stations by 2018, and 25% of public transport vehicles.?
• Develop ICT accessibility through compliant websites (WCAG 2.0 standards), increased sign language interpreters, captioning on TV news, and tools like text-to-speech.?

• Retrofitted thousands of government buildings and made 35 international/55 domestic airports, 709 railway stations, and numerous buses accessible.?
• Enhanced digital access with 676 state websites revamped and the Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre (ISLRTC) training over 1,000 individuals.?
• Integrated into the Scheme for Implementation of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (SIPDA), with budget allocations rising from ?560 crore (2013-14) to ?1,225 crore (2023-24).

• Two key conditional recommendations: GLP-1 medicines may be used long-term by adults (excluding pregnant women) for obesity (BMI ≥30); pair with intensive behavioral interventions like healthy diet and physical activity.?
• Added to WHO Essential Medicines List in September 2025 for type 2 diabetes in high-risk groups; emphasizes comprehensive care, not standalone use.?
• Stresses equitable access, health system readiness, and policies to avoid disparities; projects <10% coverage by 2030 without action.?
• Supports broader strategies: healthier environments, early screening for high-risk groups, lifelong person-centered care.?

• Solar flares are triggered when built-up magnetic energy in the Sun’s atmosphere is rapidly released.
• This happens due to a process called magnetic reconnection, where twisted magnetic field lines break and reconnect, accelerating charged particles and heating the plasma to extremely high temperatures—sometimes exceeding 10 million kelvin.?

• The emissions from solar flares cover the entire electromagnetic spectrum, including X-rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet, visible light, and radio waves.
• The sudden surge of radiation can reach Earth in about eight minutes, potentially impacting communication and navigation systems by ionizing the Earth's upper atmosphere (ionosphere), leading to radio blackouts and interference.?

• Solar flares are classified based on their X-ray brightness, with categories A, B, C, M, and X—the latter being the strongest and most impactful.
• Flares are most common during solar maxima (the peak of the Sun’s 11-year activity cycle).

• Solar flares can last from minutes to several hours.
• They often accompany coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which can lead to geomagnetic storms on Earth.?
• The most powerful flares can be as energetic as a billion hydrogen bombs and significantly affect space and ground-based technologies.?

• INS Aridaman is India’s third indigenously built nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) of the Arihant class larger than its two predecessors INS Arihant and INS Arighaat.?
• Displacement weight of about 7,000 tonnes,
• Length is approximately 125-130 meters with a beam of 15 meters and draft of 10 meters.?
• Equipped with 8 vertical launch system (VLS) tubes, doubling the missile capacity compared to earlier vessels; it can carry 24 K-15 Sagarika missiles (750 km range), and 8 K-4 missiles with a 3,500 km range or potentially K-5 missiles with extended range.?
• Built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project at the Ship Building Centre in Visakhapatnam and undergoing sea trials before imminent commissioning.?

• It strengthens India’s nuclear triad by securing the sea leg with an effective underwater ballistic missile platform.
• Enhances India’s deterrence and maritime security by maintaining survivability of nuclear forces with second-strike capability, crucial for no-first-use (NFU) policy adherence.
• Boosts regional strategic depth and sends a strong message to potential adversaries, safeguarding national security.?

• Strengthen Governance: Introduce a revised governance structure, making the Board of Governance a leaner and more empowered body responsible for policy, administrative, and financial matters. This aims to align ISI with other Institutions of National Importance, such as the IITs and IIMs.
• Enhance Autonomy and Competitiveness: Grant the institute greater decision-making powers in its day-to-day functioning and planning, fostering academic rigor, global competitiveness, and innovation.
• Modernize Framework: Update the legal framework governing ISI to better serve India's evolving data and statistical needs in an increasingly data-centric world.

• From Society to Statutory Body Corporate: The Bill aims to transform ISI from a registered society into a statutory body corporate, established by an Act of Parliament.
• Board of Governance: A new Board of Governance will be established, replacing the current 33-member ISI Council. This board will have 11 members, with the chairperson and a majority of members being government-nominated.
• Visitor: The President of India will be the Visitor, with powers to remove the director and order inquiries.
• Academic Council: An Academic Council, comprising heads of divisions and centres and headed by the director, will make recommendations to the Board.

• Erosion of Autonomy: Critics fear that the proposed governance structure, with a larger number of government nominees on the Board of Governance, could lead to increased bureaucratic control and a potential loss of academic autonomy.
• Shift in Objectives: Concerns have been raised that the Bill redefines ISI's objectives from a nation-building and welfare-oriented mission to one focused on global excellence, institutional branding, and innovation, potentially omitting explicit references to national development and social welfare.
• Bureaucracy-Controlled Structure: Some scientists argue that the Bill imposes a rigid, bureaucracy-controlled structure that could threaten the institution's meritocratic foundation.

• Founded in December 1931 by Professor P.C. Mahalanobis, the Indian Statistical Institute was declared an Institution of National Importance through the Indian Statistical Institute Act, 1959.
• It plays a crucial role in statistical research, education, and training, offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various fields.
• The institute has been instrumental in producing world-class statisticians and contributing to national development through data-driven insights.

• Recipient's network queries the caller's telecom operator database during call setup to fetch the registered name linked to the caller's phone number.?
• Works on 4G/5G devices without internet; pilots ongoing in areas like Haryana by Vodafone Idea and Jio, with nationwide rollout targeted by March 2026.?
• Enabled by default; users can opt out via their service provider.?

• Reduces spam and scams by showing authentic KYC-verified names, unlike crowd-sourced apps like Truecaller.?
• Boosts call answer rates for businesses, enhances trust, and improves customer experience through transparency.?
• Helps users make informed decisions on unknown calls without third-party apps.?

• Privacy risks as it reveals caller identities without explicit consent, potentially violating data protection laws and exposing vulnerable users to harassment.?
• High implementation costs, infrastructure upgrades, and longer call setup times for telcos.?
• Limited to 4G/5G (excluding ~200 million 2G users); bad actors might opt out or spoof names.??

• Located in the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh, India, near the Nepal border.
• Established as a Tiger Reserve in 1987 under Project Tiger.
• Comprises Dudhwa National Park, Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary, and Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Covers an area of approximately 1,284 square kilometers.
• Bounded by Mohana River to the north and Sharda River to the south.
• Home to diverse wildlife including Bengal tigers, Indian rhinoceros, swamp deer, leopards, and over 450 bird species.
• Known for its rich Sal (Shorea robusta) forests, marshy wetlands, grasslands, and riverine vegetation.
• It is the only wildlife habitat in Uttar Pradesh where rhinos and tigers coexist.
• Ranked 4th in India for tiger population with about 135 tigers as per the 2022 census.
• Plays a vital role in tiger conservation and biodiversity protection in northern India.

• The tug features a 60-ton bollard pull capacity, zero carbon emissions, silent operations, and optimized energy efficiency.?

• Designed by NavNautik India and built by Mandovi Drydocks in collaboration with Ripley Group.?
• Equipped by Kongsberg Maritime with full electrical integration, including energy storage, propulsion, automation (K-Chief), azimuth thrusters, and digital solutions like Vessel Insight.?
• Scheduled for delivery and commissioning in Q4 2026.?

• Environmental Sustainability: To reduce carbon emissions and greenhouse gas emissions from maritime operations.
• Energy Efficiency: To promote the use of cleaner, sustainable fuels and energy-efficient technologies.
• Technological Advancement: To encourage innovation in green maritime technologies and develop a regulatory framework for green shipping.
• Economic Growth: To boost the domestic shipbuilding industry and create employment opportunities, promoting the 'Make in India' initiative.

• Domestic Manufacturing: All green tugs under this program will be constructed in Indian shipyards, fostering the 'Make in India' initiative and job creation in shipbuilding and design.
• Maritime India Vision 2030 & Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047: The GTTP aligns directly with these national visions, which aim to reduce carbon emissions, increase renewable energy usage in ports, and promote sustainable maritime practices. It also contributes to the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from port vessels by 30% by 2030.
• National Centre of Excellence in Green Port & Shipping (NCoEGPS): Established in Gurugram, Haryana, in collaboration with TERI, this center supports the GTTP by developing regulatory frameworks and promoting research in green shipping technologies.

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