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30/11/2025

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CA-30/11/2025

• Alpha thalassemia: due to reduced production of alpha chains; severity depends on how many of the four alpha-globin genes are affected.?
• Beta thalassemia: due to reduced beta chain production; ranges from minor (trait) with mild or no symptoms to major (Cooley’s anemia) needing regular transfusions.

• Symptoms depend on type and severity and can include tiredness, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, jaundice, dark urine, and an enlarged spleen.
• Severe forms in children may cause failure to thrive, bone deformities (especially face and skull), delayed puberty, and frequent infections.

• Thalassemia is autosomal recessive: a child gets the disease when both parents pass on an altered gene, while carriers (thalassemia trait) usually have mild anemia or no symptoms.
• Complete blood count and blood smear: show microcytic (small), pale red cells and anemia.
• Hemoglobin electrophoresis or HPLC and sometimes genetic tests: identify the exact thalassemia type and mutations.

• Regular blood transfusions to maintain adequate hemoglobin.
• Iron chelation medicines to remove excess iron from repeated transfusions and prevent heart, liver, and endocrine damage.
• In selected cases, bone marrow (stem cell) transplant can be curative.

• Couples from high?risk communities should consider carrier testing and genetic counseling before or during early pregnancy.
• People with thalassemia major/intermedia need regular follow?up for growth, bone health, heart, liver, hormones, and vaccination against infections.

• Developed by CSIR- National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bengaluru; certified under DGCA FAR-23 in 2000, NG upgrade unveiled Nov 2025.?
• Powered by 120-hp Rotax 912 iSc3 Sport engine with electronic fuel injection and FADEC.
• All-composite airframe using JIPREG tech; lightweight, corrosion-resistant, fuel-efficient.
• Glass cockpit, bubble canopy (43-inch width), panoramic view, electric flaps.
• Low stall speed: 42 KCAS for stable, safe handling.
• Specs: 550 kg empty weight, 200 kg payload, 7-hour endurance, 620 nm range, 98 knots cruise.
• Costs ?3 crore (half of imports like Cessna); low operating/fuel costs.
• Production by Pioneer Clean Amps at ?150-cr facility in Kuppam, AP; targets 100/year.
• Supports Make in India, reduces import reliance amid pilot shortage.

• Class and Builder: Fourth of seven Project 17A Nilgiri-class frigates; third built by MDL; reincarnation of earlier Leander-class INS Taragiri (1980-2013).
• Dimensions and Propulsion: 149m long, 17.8m beam, ~3,510-6,670 tons displacement; CODAG (Combined Diesel and Gas) system for up to 28-30 knots speed.
• Weapons Suite: BrahMos supersonic missiles (anti-surface), MRSAM/Barak-8 (anti-air, up to 100km), 76mm gun, CIWS (30mm/12.7mm/AK-630), TAL Shyena torpedoes, RBU-6000 ASW rockets.
• Sensors and Features: MF-STAR radar, advanced sonar (hull-mounted/towed array), integrated platform management system (IPMS), stealth design for reduced radar signature, helicopter hangar for 2 aircraft.
• Indigenization Impact: Involves 200+ MSMEs; creates ~4,000 direct and 10,000+ indirect jobs.

• INS Taragiri enhances multi-dimensional warfare capabilities (anti-surface, anti-air, anti-submarine) for maritime security, reflecting Aatmanirbhar Bharat in defense with generational advances in stealth, automation, and survivability.
• Its rapid delivery (fourth P17A ship in 11 months) boosts India's shipbuilding ecosystem and naval readiness amid regional challenges. Named after Uttarakhand's Taragiri hills, it symbolizes legacy and self-reliance.

• The chair proposed a compromise to extend MLS coverage to all crops and include Digital Sequence Information (DSI), but biodiversity-rich nations, including India, opposed it due to concerns over seed sovereignty and potential corporate exploitation.
• Consultations on conservation, sustainable use of plant genetic resources, and benefit-sharing continued but yielded no breakthroughs.

• Indian civil society, scientists, and farme
• rs urged the government to reject expansions, citing risks to farmers' rights, lack of traceability in over 400,000 germplasm transfers from India, and bio-piracy via IPR on digitized sequences.
• India remains a top beneficiary under the current 64-crop MLS without major reciprocal sharing.
• The All India Kisan Sabha called for nationwide protests on December 10 against related seed policies.

• The treaty aims to conserve and sustainably use plant genetic resources for food and agriculture to support food security worldwide.
• It establishes a Multilateral System (MLS) that provides shared access to a list of important crops and forages, covering about 80% of the global food supply from plants, for research, breeding, and training.
• The MLS ensures that recipients of genetic material cannot claim intellectual property rights that restrict further access to those resources in the form they were received.
• Benefits derived from the use of these resources, including commercial gains, are shared fairly through mechanisms such as information exchange, technology access, capacity building, and monetary contributions to a benefit-sharing fund.

• The treaty explicitly recognizes farmers' rights, including the protection of traditional knowledge, equitable participation in benefit sharing, and involvement in national decision-making on conservation and sustainable use.

• India's Department of Telecommunications (DoT) mandated SIM binding for messaging platforms like WhatsApp, Telegram, Signal, Snapchat, and others on November 29, 2025.
• Platforms must enforce continuous SIM linkage within 90 days, blocking access if the SIM is absent, under the Telecommunication Cybersecurity Amendment Rules, 2025.
• Web versions, such as WhatsApp Web, require logout every six hours, with compliance reports due in four months.

• SIM binding links a user's mobile device and app account to the specific SIM card used for registration, ensuring continuous verification of the SIM's presence for access.
• This security measure prevents unauthorized use by requiring the original SIM to remain in the device.
• It acts as hardware-based authentication, reducing risks from SIM swaps or removals.

• The directive targets cyber frauds, spam, and scams originating outside India, where apps currently function post-initial verification even without the SIM.
• Telecom groups like COAI support it for better traceability via Telecommunication Identifier User Entity (TIUE) rules.
• Benefits include passwordless authentication, real-time fraud detection, and cross-platform security without extra hardware.

• Users traveling abroad, using multiple devices, or relying on eSIMs/Wi-Fi-only access may face disruptions, as apps stop working without the physical SIM.
• Those using web apps for reduced phone time during work will need frequent re-authentication via QR scans.
• While aimed at security, critics note limited scam prevention if fraudsters use forged IDs.

• Major fishery resource in the brackish water of Ashtamudi Lake, Kerala.
• Fast growth and early maturity with sexual maturity reached in the first year at a shell length of around 30 mm.
• Clam shells are also economically important as byproducts, used in cement and carbide production.

• The fishery was certified by the MSC as a mark of sustainable and eco-friendly harvesting practices.
• Conservation efforts involve ICAR-CMFRI, WWF, State Fisheries Department, and local fishing communities.
• Ongoing stock enhancement programs aim to combat population decline and ensure livelihood security for dependent fishing communities.

• Fisheries Certification, which assesses the sustainability and environmental impact of fishing operations. MSC certification assesses fisheries on three core principles: sustainable fish stocks, minimal environmental impact (e.g., reduced bycatch), and effective management systems.
• Chain of Custody Certification, which ensures traceability of certified seafood through the supply chain from catch to consumer.

• India's military and economic power has increased
• India’s weakest score is in defense networks, ranked 11th

• Economic capability and relationships
• Military capability and defense networks
• Diplomatic influence and cultural influence
• Resilience and future resources (such as economic and military prospects)

• Covers Indo-Pacific countries from Pakistan in the west, Russia in the north, to Australia and New Zealand in the south and Pacific
• Includes major, middle, and smaller powers to provide a holistic understanding of power distribution

• The Perseverance rover is a NASA robotic explorer that has been studying Mars since February 18, 2021.
• It was launched as part of the Mars 2020 mission, landed in Jezero Crater,
• It aims to search for signs of ancient microbial life, analyze Martian geology and climate, and collect rock and soil samples for future return to Earth. 

• Organic Matter and Life Signs: Detected ancient organic compounds in rocks like Cheyava Falls and Sapphire Canyon, with leopard spots suggesting possible microbial activity from billions of years ago.
• Electrical Activity: Recorded "mini-lightning" or electrostatic discharges linked to dust devils and storms, confirming Mars' atmosphere is electrically active.
• Volcanic Rocks: Found igneous rocks and lava flows in Jezero Crater, revealing volcanic history instead of just sediments.
• Water Evidence: Confirmed past lake with varying levels, river deltas, and flooding that transported debris, indicating a wetter ancient Mars.
• Meteorite Discovery: Spotted potential meteorite "Phippsaksla" with unusual metals, likely from space, after years on surface.

• Sahariya (also Saharia/Sehariya) is a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) primarily in Madhya Pradesh (Morena, Sheopur, Bhind, Gwalior, Datia, Shivpuri, Vidisha, Guna) and Baran district of Rajasthan.
• Classified as the fourth-largest tribal community in Rajasthan, living in forested, hilly, barren areas in stone/mud houses with thatched roofs.
• Divided into five sub-tribes by occupation: Jati (farmers), Arsi (weavers), Muli (iron workers), Kindal (basket makers), Kumbi (potters).
• Speak a Hindi dialect; culture blends Hindu and Bhil traditions, with clan exogamy, widow remarriage accepted, and roles for village heads, shamans, priests.
• Livelihoods include subsistence agriculture, hunting, fishing, forest produce gathering (honey, medicinal herbs), basket/rope making.
• Face poverty and socio-economic challenges; benefit from schemes like PM-JANMAN for housing, infrastructure, electrification in remote areas.
• Diet mainly watery porridge with vegetables/meat; known for traditional skills in herbal medicine and crafts.

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