Daily Current Affairs 2025  

28/11/2025

WhatsApp Email Facebook Share

CA-28/11/2025

• Deity: Lord Shiva as Arunachalesvara (Agni Lingam); consort Unnamulai/Unnamalai Amman

• Location: Tiruvannamalai town, at the foot of Arunachala Hill, Tamil Nadu
• Tradition: Major center of Shaivism, praised in Tevaram and other Tamil Saiva texts
• Pancha Bhoota role: Symbolizes Agni (fire) among the five elements
• Area: About 10 hectares / 25 acres, one of the largest temple complexes in India
• Gopurams: 4 main gopurams, tallest is the East Gopuram ~66 m (11 storeys), among tallest in India
• Architecture: Classic Dravidian style; large courtyards, mandapams, temple tanks, 1000 pillar hall
• Administration: Under Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Dept.
• Celebrated in Tevaram hymns by Nayanmars like Sambandar and Appar, and in Tiruvempaavai by Manikkavasagar, marking it as a Paadal Petra Sthalam.

• The site has associations going back to early historic / pre?Vedic tradition in sacred texts like Skanda Purana, Linga Purana, Arunachala Mahatmyam.
• Earliest stone structures are attributed to Pallavas/early Cholas, with the present masonry temple largely from the Chola period (9th century CE onward).
• Major expansions, including the thousandpillared hall and massive gopurams, were carried out by Vijayanagara rulers (Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva dynasties).
• The East Gopuram (Rajagopuram), about 66 m high, was completed under Nayak patronage (Sevappa Nayakkar), making it one of the tallest temple towers in India.

• Promotion of advanced research in smart textiles, sustainability, process efficiency, and emerging technologies.
• Development of a comprehensive data and analytics platform including employment assessments, supply chain mapping, and the India Size study for evidence-based policymaking.
• Creation of an Integrated Textiles Statistical System for real-time monitoring and strategic decision-making.
• Capacity building at the State level through training, knowledge sharing, and sectoral engagement.
• Support for startups and entrepreneurship via incubators, hackathons, and academia-industry collaboration.

• Promote high-value entrepreneurship via incubators, hackathons, academia-industry collaborations, and early-stage funding for startups in technical textiles and sustainable materials.
• Position India as a global leader in textile sustainability, technology, and competitiveness while boosting employment and supply chain resilience.
• Foster deeper integration into high-value global textile chains through innovation and data-driven strategies.

• Location: Mahasamund district, Chhattisgarh, India, on Mahanadi River banks, 78-85 km east of Raipur.
• Time Period: 5th–12th century CE; layers from mid-1st millennium BCE to medieval era.
• Historical Role: Capital of Dakshina Kosala (South Kosala) under Sharabhapuriya, Panduvamshi, and Somavamshi dynasties; multi-religious urban trade hub for gemstones, textiles, spices.
• Visitor Record: Visited by Chinese traveler Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) in 639 CE.
• Discovery: Identified by Alexander Cunningham in 1882; major excavations in 1950s, 1990s, 2003+.
• Key Monuments: 22 Shiva temples, 5 Vishnu temples (e.g., 7th-century Lakshmana Temple in Nagara style), 10-12 Buddhist viharas (e.g., Tivaradeva Mahavihara), 3 Jain viharas, stupas, palaces, market, bath house.
• Recent News: Chhattisgarh pushing UNESCO World Heritage nomination; ASI-SADA joint inspection, conservation, tourism upgrades (golf carts, 3D exhibits, signage, clusters).
• Protection: Managed by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

• Height: 20 meters (7-storey building equivalent); diameter: 1.7 meters.
• Thrust: 1,200 kN from all-carbon composite structure and 3D-printed engines for lightweight efficiency.
• Stages: Four-stage design—first three solid-fueled (Kalam-1200, Kalam-250, Kalam-100); fourth hypergolic liquid with Raman engines (3.4 kN each).
• Payload: Up to 350 kg to low Earth orbit (LEO), 260-290 kg to sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), or 480 kg to 500 km LEO at 45° inclination.

• Marks a major step in India’s private space sector growth, reducing dependence on government-only launches.

• Supports the growing global small-satellite market with cost-effective and flexible launch services.
• Enhances India’s competitiveness in the international space launch market.
• Demonstrates successful collaboration between private industry and Indian space agencies.
• Provides new technology innovations like 3D printing for rocket engines, showing cutting-edge aerospace capability in India.

• India's nuclear sector, under state monopoly since Atomic Energy Act 1962, is opening to private players for the first time via Atomic Energy Bill 2025 to boost clean energy and end 60-year restriction on private power generation.
• Private firms can now join via public-private partnerships (PPPs) with NPCIL, focusing on civilian nuclear power under Atomic Energy Regulatory Board safety rules.

• Amend Atomic Energy Act 1962 to allow private "Build-Own-Operate" of nuclear plants, previously banned.
• Revise Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act 2010 to cap supplier liability, aligning with global norms and easing investor fears.
• Bill to be tabled in Winter Session Parliament starting December 1, 2025; follows 2025 task forces and budget reforms.

• Achieve 100 GW nuclear capacity by 2047 from current 8.8 GW, aiding net-zero 2070 and energy security.
• Promote small modular reactors (SMRs), advanced tech, thorium R&D, and domestic manufacturing via private investment.
• Strengthen energy security by reducing fossil fuel dependence and ensuring reliable clean baseload power.
• Boost technological leadership and global competitiveness, mirroring space sector liberalization success.
• Aid net-zero emissions by 2070 and 500 GW non-fossil energy by 2030 via faster nuclear deployment.

• Concerns include safety risks from cost-cutting, lack of transparency, and national security implications of private or foreign control, necessitating robust regulations.
• The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act may require amendments to attract investors.
• AERB lacks capacity to oversee private entities effectively, needing enhanced monitoring and safety protocols.
• Global suppliers hesitate over IP concerns, export controls, and unclear technology transfer guidelines.
• Strict AERB/DAE security standards impose heavy compliance burdens on private firms beyond other energy sectors.
• Private players barred from mining, importing, or processing uranium, limiting supply chain control.

• Discovery Site: Found in silt-rich deposits of Chirang River at Senjam-Chirang village, Imphal Valley, Manipur, India.
• Age: Dated to approximately 37,000 years ago, Late Pleistocene epoch.
• Scientific Team: Researchers from Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), under Department of Science & Technology (DST).
• Fossil Type: Intact bamboo stem (Chimonobambusa manipurensis) showing thorn scars, nodes, internodes, and buds.
• Significance: Asia's earliest thorny bamboo fossil; proves thorniness (herbivore defense) existed during Ice Age when all kind got eliminated elsewhere, like Europe.
• Preservation Rarity: Bamboo's hollow, fibrous stems rarely fossilize; thorn scars almost never preserved.
• Comparisons: Matches modern thorny species like Bambusa bambos and Chimonobambusa callosa in thorn placement.
• Ecological Insight: Indicates Northeast India's Indo-Burma hotspot as Ice Age refugium with warm, humid conditions amid global cooling.

• Name Origin: Cyclone Ditwah, named by Yemen after Detwah Lagoon on Socotra Island, is the fourth tropical cyclone in the 2025 North Indian Ocean season.
• Formation Date: Emerged as a deep depression on November 27, 2025, over the southwest Bay of Bengal near Sri Lanka's eastern coast (near Pottuvil).
• Intensity: Cyclonic storm with sustained winds of 65-80 km/h gusting to 90 km/h, moving north-northwest at 8-15 km/h as of November 29.
• Originated as a deep depression near the southwest Bay of Bengal close to Pottuvil, Sri Lanka, before intensifying into a cyclonic storm.

Download Pdf