Spina bifida
About Spina Bifida
- Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spine and spinal cord don’t form properly, leading to varying degrees of disability depending on severity and location of the defect.
- It is a type of neural tube defect that occurs very early in pregnancy when the neural tube fails to close completely.
- A congenital condition caused by incomplete closure of the neural tube during early fetal development.
- Meaning of the term: Latin for “split spine.”
- Types:
- Spina bifida occulta: Mildest form, often symptomless, sometimes only a small patch of hair or dimple on the back.
- Meningocele: A sac of fluid protrudes through the spine, but the spinal cord is not involved.
- Myelomeningocele: Most severe form, where spinal cord and nerves protrude, leading to significant disability.
Causes and Risk Factors
- Genetic and environmental factors contribute.
- Key risk factors:
- Lack of folic acid during pregnancy.
- Certain anti-seizure medications.
- Obesity or poorly controlled diabetes in the mother.
Symptoms
- Visible signs: Hairy patch, dimple, swelling, or dark spot on lower back.
- Functional complications:
- Difficulty walking or paralysis.
- Bladder and bowel control problems.
- Hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain).
- Tethered spinal cord.
- Latex allergy.
Prevention
- Folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy is the most effective preventive measure.
- Recommended daily intake: 400 micrograms for women of childbearing age.
Treatment
- Surgery: Can be performed after birth or even prenatally to close the spinal opening.
- Supportive care: Physical therapy, mobility aids, bladder/bowel management, and treatment for hydrocephalus.
- Prognosis: Varies widely; mild cases may live normal lives, while severe cases require lifelong care.
