Why in News?
The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) released a new guidebook on April 28, 2026, emphasizing non-invasive testing to avoid unnecessary biopsies.
Key Risk Factors
- Age: Rare before 40; the risk rises sharply after age 50.
- Family History: Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (common in breast cancer) significantly increase prostate cancer risk.
- Ethnicity: Men of African-Caribbean descent face the highest global risk and are more likely to develop aggressive forms.
- Obesity: Linked to faster cancer growth and higher recurrence rates after treatment.
Diagnostic & Detection Methods
- PSA Test: A blood test for "Prostate-Specific Antigen." While useful, high levels don't always mean cancer.
- mpMRI: Multiparametric MRI is now the "gold standard" for spotting suspicious areas before a biopsy.
- PSMA PET-CT: A high-tech scan that uses a radioactive "tracer" to make cancer cells glow, helping detect spread (metastasis).
- Liquid Biopsy: Emerging blood tests that detect circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) to track if a treatment is working.
Modern Treatment Options
- Active Surveillance: For slow-growing (low-risk) tumors, doctors often monitor the cancer closely instead of treating it immediately.
- Focal Therapy: Minimally invasive techniques like HIFU (High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound) and NanoKnife target only the tumor, sparing healthy tissue.
- Hormone Therapy (ADT): Drugs that lower testosterone levels to "starve" the cancer cells.
- PARP Inhibitors: "Smart" drugs (like Olaparib) that target specific genetic mutations within the cancer cells.
Recent Breakthroughs (2025–2026)
- T-Cell Engagers: New "bispecific antibodies" are being tested that act as a bridge, physically pulling the body's immune cells into the tumour to destroy it.
- Home Recovery Tech: In March 2026, the FDA cleared Elitone for Men, an at-home wearable device to help men recover from urinary incontinence after prostate surgery.
- Precision Implants: Research is moving toward implantable devices that release medication directly into the prostate over several months, avoiding the "peaks and crashes" of oral pills.
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