Why in News?
Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) Disease is recently in the news due to a global resurgence, particularly in the United States, as childhood vaccination rates decline following the COVID-19 pandemic.
What is it?
- The Pathogen: It is a serious infection caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type b.
- Not the Flu: Despite the name, Hib does not cause influenza (the flu), which is caused by a virus.
- High-Risk Groups: Primarily affects children under 5 years old and adults over 65 or those with weakened immune systems (e.g., HIV, sickle cell, or cancer).
Major Illnesses Caused by Hib
Hib bacteria don't stay in one place; they can invade various parts of the body:
- Meningitis: Infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (can cause brain damage or deafness).
- Pneumonia: A severe lung infection.
- Epiglottitis: Swelling in the throat that can block the airway, causing a medical emergency.
- Bacteraemia/Sepsis: A life-threatening bloodstream infection.
- Septic Arthritis: Infection of the joints.
Transmission & Symptoms
- Spread: Through respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing) and lengthy close contact. Carriers can spread it even if they have no symptoms.
- Early Signs: High fever, stiff neck, headache, lethargy, and difficulty breathing or swallowing.
Vaccination (The Best Defence)
- Effectiveness: The Hib vaccine is roughly 93% effective in preventing the disease.
- Schedule: Typically given in a 3 or 4-dose series at 2, 4, and 6 months, with a booster at 12–15 months.
- Combination Shots: Often given as part of a "Pentavalent" vaccine (alongside DPT, Hepatitis B, and others).
Treatment
- Antibiotics: Requires immediate treatment with antibiotics.
- Resistance: Doctors are concerned about rising antibiotic-resistant strains globally, making vaccination even more critical.
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